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The universe is filled with billions of galaxies and trillions of star , along with virtually uncountable number of planets , moons , asteroids , comet and cloud of dust and accelerator pedal – all swirling in the sizeableness of space .
But if we whizz along in , what are the construction block of these celestial bodies , and where did they arrive from ?
In this image of galaxy cluster Abell 2744, a blue overlay shows the location of dark matter, which makes up about 75% of the cluster’s mass.
atomic number 1 isthe most common elementfound in the universe , abide by by helium ; together , they make up nearly all average matter . But this report for only a bantam slice of the cosmos — about 5 % . All the residual is made of hooey that ca n’t be see and can only be detected indirectly . [ From Big Bang to Present : Snapshots of Our Universe Through Time ]
Mostly hydrogen
It all get down with aBig Bang , about 13.8 billion years ago , when radical - hot and densely pack thing dead and rapidly expanded in all directions at once . Milliseconds later , the new-sprung population was a heaving mass of neutron , proton , electrons , photons and othersubatomic particles , boil at about 100 billion degrees Kelvin , fit in to NASA .
Every bit of subject that fix up all the known constituent in the periodic mesa — and every objective in the universe , fromblack holesto monumental stars to specks of space dust — was created during the Big Bang , said Neta Bahcall , a prof of uranology in the Department of Astrophysical Sciences at Princeton University in New Jersey .
" We do n’t even know the police of cathartic that would have existed in such a spicy , dense environs , " Bahcall told Live Science .
Captured in 2014 by the Hubble Space Telescope, this picture of the evolving universe is among Hubble’s most colorful deep-space images.
About 100 seconds after the Big Bang , the temperature dropped to a still - seething 1 billion degree Kelvin . By close to 380,000 years later , the universe had cooled enough for protons and neutrons to follow together and mold lithium , helium and the atomic number 1 isotope deuterium , while free electrons were trapped to organize inert atoms .
Because there were so many protons hurry around in the former universe , hydrogen — the loose element , with just one proton and one neutron — became the most abundant element , making up well-nigh 95 % percent of the universe ’s mote . tight to 5 % of the world ’s atoms are He , allot to NASA . Then , about 200 million geezerhood after the Big Bang , the first stars formed and bring forth the rest of the elements , which make up a fraction of the remain 1 % of all ordinary subject in the existence .
Unseen particles
Dark topic ca n’t be observe straight — yet — but its fingerprints are preserved in the macrocosm ’s first Inner Light , or the cosmic microwave oven background radiation ( CMB ) , as petite fluctuations in radiotherapy , Bahcall say . Scientists first proposed the existence of dark matter in the 1930s , theorize that dark matter ’s unseen pull must be what held together fast - act galaxy clusters . decade after , in the 1970s , American astronomer Vera Rubin found more indirectevidence of non-white matterin the quicker - than - expected rotation rates of stars .
Based on Rubin ’s findings , astrophysicist calculated that non-white matter — even though it could n’t be seen or measure — must make up a substantial parcel of the universe . But about 20 years ago , scientists discovered that the universe declare something even strange than dark issue ; dark energy , which is thought to be importantly more abundant than either matter or colored matter . [ Gallery : Dark Matter Throughout the Universe ]
An irresistible force
The discovery ofdark energycame about because scientists wondered if there was enough dark matter in the cosmos to cause expansion to sputter out or reverse focal point , causing the population to collapse in on itself .
Lo and behold , when a squad of researchers investigated this in the late 1990s , they found that not only was the cosmos not collapsing in on itself , it was flesh out outward at an ever debauched charge per unit . The group determined that an unnamed force — dub dark energy — was pushing against the universe in the apparent nothingness of space and accelerate its impulse ; the scientist ' findings gain physicists Adam Riess , Brian Schmidt and Saul Perlmutter theNobel Prizein Physics in 2011 .
Models of the force required to excuse the existence ’s accelerate expansion rate suggest that dark free energy must make up between 70 % and 75 % of the universe of discourse . saturnine matter , meanwhile , accounts for about 20 % to 25 % , while so - called average matter — the stuff we can actually see — is reckon to make upless than 5%of the existence , Bahcall state .
Considering that dark-skinned energy have up about three - quarter of the universe , sympathise it is arguably the big challenge face scientists today , astrophysicist Mario Livio , then with the Space Telescope Science Institute at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore , Maryland , told Live Science sis siteSpace.comin 2018 .
" While dark Department of Energy has not played a huge role in the development of the universe in the past , it will spiel the dominant role in the phylogeny in the hereafter , " Livio order . " The fate of the universe depend on the nature of blue vigour . "
in the first place published onLive Science .
