When you purchase through links on our site , we may earn an affiliate commission . Here ’s how it works .
Among the melee ofconspiracy theoriesthat have risen and go down in the years since the 1963 blackwash of President John F. Kennedy , one theory has remain the focussing of intense debate : the exclusive - bullet hypothesis .
This theory , stomach by the 1964 finding of the Warren Commission investigatingKennedy ’s blackwash , posits that the chair was shot by the same bullet that also injured Texas Gov. John Connally , who sat in the front seat of the presidential limo . Some critic sardonically refer to this as the " magic - bullet theory . "
Proponents of the single-bullet theory believe the bullet known as CE 399 shot President John F. Kennedy and Texas Gov. John Connally.
The findings of the Warren Commission , and the 889 - pageboy last Warren Report , have been much traduce by analysts over the year . Even Attorney GeneralRobert Kennedy(JFK ’s comrade ) is on track record as say the Warren Report was a " tawdry piece of craftsmanship , " and three members of the commission express doubts about the undivided - bullet hypothesis . [ Top 10 haunting JFK Assassination Conspiracy Theories ]
According to proponents of the single - bullet train theory , as the presidential motorcade made its way of life past the Texas School Book Depository inDallas , Lee Harvey Oswald lift his Mannlicher - Carcano rifle and took aim at Kennedy ’s forefront , six story below .
With a unmarried shot from Oswald ’s rifle , a 6.5 - millimeter heater pierced Kennedy ’s suit coat from the rear before puncture his body to the right of his spine . The bullet exited Kennedy ’s body through the front of his cervix below his Adam ’s Malus pumila .
The bullet — subsequently dubbed Commission Exhibit 399 , or CE 399 — then punctured Connally ’s back , shattering his fifth right costa bone . After exiting the front of Connally ’s bureau , the hummer shot through his correct wrist joint , breaking one of his wrist bone , before swallow itself beneath the skin of Connally ’s left second joint .
Unlikely path of travelling ?
This route of travel — considered highly unbelievable by critics of the individual - bullet theory — means CE 399 went through the torso of two grownup men , tore through about 15 inch of human flesh , broke two bones and puncture 15 different layers of clothing .
The bullet was recovered at Parkland Memorial Hospital on a gurney in the hospital corridor . It was later on see that the gurney was next to the one that carried Connally into the hospital .
The individual - bullet theory does n’t turf out additional shots , or additional bullets hitting the chairman . Most witnesses and analysts consider that a sum of three shots were fire . Whether those additional shots were fired by Oswald or by a second gun for hire — perhaps from a nearby Alfred Hawthorne now referred to as " the grassy knoll " — remains a study of intense debate , especially amongconspiracy theorists .
The Zapruder film
The single pellet , and the response of Kennedy and Connally to the bullet , were catch on frames 210 through 225 of a film taken by Abraham Zapruder , a habiliment manufacturer who was among the crowd check the presidential motorcade go by through Dallas . Zapruder bring an 8 mm photographic camera to record the event , not knowing that his 26 second of footage would become one of the most catch — and most controversial — films of all time .
As disturbing as frames 210 through 225 of the Zapruder film are , an even more shameful issue occur at frame 313 : In it , the silent film shows the back of Kennedy ’s head burst open as a second guessing hits him near the base of his skull . This section of footage was not release to the populace for age after the assassination due to its gruesome nature .
supporting for the undivided - bullet hypothesis
Numerous re - personation , electronic computer analysis , research into the Zapruder film and other evidence have lent considerable believability to the single - bullet hypothesis . John McAdams , a prof of political skill at Marquette University in Milwaukee , Wis. , is a well - known expert on the Kennedy blackwash who also makes a praxis ofdebunking Kennedy - character assassination confederacy theories .
McAdams , on his tortuous website dedicate to the killing , offers solid evidence for the individual - heater theory . " Thomas Canning was aNASAscientist who analyze the single - hummer trajectory for the House Select Committee on Assassinations , " McAdams wrote , relate to the congressional commission that was convened in 1976 to re - examine the work of the Warren Commission .
" The result was an coalition that prove the hummer leave alone Kennedy ’s throat to strike Connally in the back near the shoulder — which is where Connally was really struck , " McAdams wrote . He added , " Failure Analysis Associates , in work done for a 1992 mock test of Lee Harvey Oswald for the American Bar Association , used 3 - D electronic computer invigoration and modelling technique to research the bullet trajectory , and concluded that the individual - bullet trajectory make . "
More recently , a television program that aired in 2004 on the Discovery Channel attempted to double the precondition of theassassinationusing up - to - dateforensics researchand materials . Their re - enactment , shown on " Unsolved chronicle : JFK — Beyond the Magic Bullet , " found that a single bullet reduplicate almost on the nose the track of travel postulated by proponent of the exclusive - bullet theory .
literary criticism of the undivided - bullet possibility
The trajectory of the bullet that purportedly penetrated Kennedy ’s neck and Connally ’s torso is one of the many points of contention of the single - bullet theory . Critics institutionalize that because of the position of the two homo in the limo , the bullet would have had to change trend in midair to travel as advise . [ Our Favorite Urban Legends Debunked ]
The fact that Connally was examine holding his hat in his right hand also caused suspicion , since he was purportedly wounded in his right wrist by the exclusive bullet . The unusual circumstance surrounding the uncovering of the CE 399 bullet — it was reportedly pick up off the floor by anurse , or discovered by a hospital locomotive engineer , grant to various report — and the bullet train ’s so - call " pristine " term , have also set up the hackle of conspiracy theorists .
The single - bullet train theory gives credibility to the conclusion of the Warren Commission and other inquiry that Oswald acted as alone gunmanwho burgeon forth Kennedy because of Oswald ’s pro - Communist leanings and/or because of his depressed mental state .
Whether Oswald was a solitary gunslinger , or was a cat’s-paw of Communist Cuba , or the Soviet Union , or theMafia , or some other group , may never be known , especially since Oswald was murdered by Dallas night club owner Jack Ruby shortly after his check .
Nonetheless , the infinite theories surrounding the assassination of Kennedy show no signboard of abating or being resolved : A Gallup poll released Nov. 15 — a full 50 years after the event — found that 61 percentage of Americans believe the killing was the solvent of a still - undetermined confederacy .
Correction : This article was chastise at 1:20 p.m. to clarify the nature of the Zapruder plastic film . It is a color film , not bleak - and - white .
